Legal Citations

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Finding Cases and Journal Articles

Journal Articles

Legal citations to articles in law journals (also called law reviews) should look familiar and be relatively easy to find. They will have:

author's full name
title of article
volume number of law journal
abbreviated name of law journal
page number on which article begins
date of publication
Example: Jeffrey Malken, Stolen Photographs: Personality, Publicity, and Privacy, 75 TEX.L.REV. 779 (1997).

Cases

However, before you can find cases (also called opinions or decisions), you need to be able to interpret legal citations.

U.S. Supreme Court

Case citations for the U.S. Supreme Court use the form:

case name
volume number
case reporter abbreviation
page number
year

Example:

Alamo Land & Cattle Co. v. Arizona, 424 U.S. 295 (1976)

Alamo Land & Cattle Co. v. Arizona = case name
424 = volume number
U.S. = case reporter abbreviation
295 = page number
1976 = year case was decided

So the 1976 case Alamo Land & Cattle Co. v. Arizona is found in volume 424 of the United States Reports. It begins on page 295.

Other Courts

Case citations for other courts use the form:

case name
volume number
case reporter abbreviation
page number
name of the court
year

Example:

Zim v. Western Publishing Co., 573 F.2d 1318 (5th Cir. 1978)

Zim v. Western Publishing Co. = case name
573 = volume number
F.2d = case reporter abbreviation
1318 = page number
5th Cir. = name of the court
1978 = year case was decided

So the 1978 case Zim v. Western Publishing Co. is found in volume 573 of the Federal Reporter, 2nd series. It begins on page 1318. It is a case from the United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

Case Reporters

While the case name is self-evident, translating the case reporter abbreviations can be tricky. Common abbreviations are:

Case Reporter Abbreviations
Abbreviation	Title	Notes
U.S.	United States Reports	The official reporter for United States Supreme Court cases.
S. Ct.	Supreme Court Reporter	An unofficial reporter for United States Supreme Court cases.
L.Ed. or L.Ed. 2d	Lawyers' Edition, United States Supreme Court Reports	Another unofficial reporter for United States Supreme Court cases.
F., F.2d, or F.3d	Federal Reporter, 1st, 2nd, or 3rd Series	The federal reporter for the United States Circuit Courts of Appeal.
F. Supp or F. Supp.2d	Federal Supplement, 1st or 2nd series	The federal reporter for the United States District Courts opinions.
S.W., S.W.2d, or S.W.3d	South Western Reporter, 1st, 2nd, or 3rd Series	1 of the 7 regional reporters. Has cases from the highest state-level courts in Texas (also AR, KY, MO, and TN).

If you have trouble interpreting a legal citation or reporter abbreviation, you may refer to:

Case Law Research Guide: Clear and succint explanations from Georgetown Law Library. Includes general information on reporters and also parallel citations.
Dictionary of Legal Abbreviations Used in American Law Books: Compiled by Doris M. Bieger. 2nd ed. Buffalo, NY: W.S. Hein, 1985.
KF 246 .B46 1985 (Reference)

Citing Cases and Journal Articles

For any class assignment, students should follow the citation style assigned by the instructor. For any gray areas in the rules of citation, the only authority is the instructor's preference.

Journal Articles

If you are citing an article in a law journal/law review:

Use the style manual for your assignment (APA, MLA, etc.) and follow the example for a journal article.
Quick tips are available from the Cornette Library's
.
Example of APA citation for article in law journal, issues paginated continuously:
- Malken, J. (1997). Stolen photographs: Personality, publicity, and privacy. Texas Law Review, 77, 779-835.
Example of MLA citation for article in law journal (for MLA, always provide issue number, if available):
- Malken, Jeffrey. "Stolen Photographs: Personality, Publicity, and Privacy." Texas Law Review 77.4 (1997): 779-835. Print.

For a law journal article found in the database Westlaw (and sometimes EBSCO Legal Collection), citations will be as exemplified below, since DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers) are not assigned:

Example of APA citation for article in law journal, issues paginated continuously and retrieved from Nexis Uni:
- Malken, J. (1997). Stolen photographs: Personality, publicity, and privacy. Texas Law Review, 77, 779-835. Retrieved from http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic
Example of APA citation for article in law journal, issues paginated continuously and retrieved from Westlaw:
- Malken, J. (1997). Stolen photographs: Personality, publicity, and privacy. Texas Law Review, 77, 779-835. Retrieved from https://1.next.westlaw.com/Search/Home.html
Example of APA citation for article in law journal, issues paginated continuously and retrieved from Legal Collection (EBSCO):
- Malken, J. (1997). Stolen photographs: Personality, publicity, and privacy. Texas Law Review, 77, 779-835. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com
Example of MLA citation for article in law journal and retrieved from a database:
- Malken, Jeffrey. "Stolen Photographs: Personality, Publicity, and Privacy." Texas Law Review 77.4 (1997): 779-835. Business Source Complete. Web. 19 Jan. 2015.
Example of MLA citation for article in law journal and retrieved from a database that does not include issue numbers:
- Malken, Jeffrey. "Stolen Photographs: Personality, Publicity, and Privacy." Texas Law Review 77 (1997): 779-835. LexisNexis Academic. Web. 19 Jan. 2015.

Cases

Generally, if you are citing a case, refer to the style manual for your assignment (APA, MLA, etc.) It will probably give some brief examples and refer you to The Bluebook. For instructions on how to cite legal sources properly, check:

The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation

Compiled by the editors of the Columbia Law Review, the Harvard Law Review, the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, and the Yale Law Journal. 19th ed., 2010. Published by the Harvard Law Review Association.

KF 245 .B58 2010 (Reference)

The Bluepages are written for attorneys and law clerks using legal citations in court documents.
The Whitepages are written for use in academic writing, such as law journal and law review articles. One difference is that the Whitepages uses footnotes instead of in-text citations.

UIUC Bluebook LibGuide

A guide for beginners to the Bluebook; intended as a supplement. Would be most useful for a WTAMU prelaw student. From the University of Illinois College of Law Library.

Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (Online Ed. 2014)

Indexed to the 19th edition of the Bluebook, which is the standard used for most legal journals and is usually required by courts for briefs and memoranda. Also indexed to the 5th edition of the ALWD (Association of Legal Writing Directors) Guide to Legal Citation. ALWD rules now conform to Bluebook rules, but may be the better book in teaching legal citation rules to students.

The Greenbook: Texas Rules of Form

12th ed., 2006. Published by the Texas Law Review, University of Texas at Austin School of Law.

Z UA345.5 T312RUF 2010 (Documents - Texas)

The Greenbook will have detailed information on how to cite numerous Texas-specific publications. It follows recommended Bluebook style.

To see examples of case citations, you may refer to:

Basic Legal Citation: An in-depth list of examples from LII (Legal Information Institute).
Bluebook Legal Citations: Citing Court Cases: Brief overview and short list of examples from the University of Houston Downtown.