research

Research (1988-2024)

Link: Google Scholar

Current Research Interests: -
International marketing, global strategy, marketing strategy, globalization, MNCs and internationalization, global branding, emerging markets, FDI regimes, IJVs & M&As, Post-merger integration, auto industry, telecom industry, digital platforms, biotech industry, textile/apparel industry, and case-based research.

* Representative Publications
* Review Articles
* Short Textbook Notes & Cases
* Textbook Manuals
* Web/Meta Index
* Invited/Non-Refereed Articles
* Conference Proceedings & Abstracts
* Conference Presentations

Representative Publications

Anwar, S. T. (2023). The Sharing Economy and Collaborative Consumption: Strategic Issues and Global Entrepreneurial Opportunities, Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 21(1): 60-88.

Anwar, S. T. (2021). Coming to America: A Successful Japanese Acquisition in Global Business, in Deresky, H. & Miller, S., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (10th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson: PC3-25 - PC3-31.

Anwar, S. T. (2020). Global Strategy Gone Astray: Maersk's Big Box Boats and the World Shipping Industry, Thunderbird International Business Review, 62(2): 183-196.

Anwar, S. T. (2019). Kraft’s Acquisition of Cadbury: Was it an Amicable Transatlantic Merger or a Hostile Takeover? Thunderbird International Business Review, 61(2): 439-451.

Anwar, S. T. (2018). Growing Global in the Sharing Economy: Lessons from Uber and Airbnb, Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 37(6): 59-68.

Anwar, S. T. (2017). Alibaba: Entrepreneurial Growth and Global Expansion in B2B/B2C Markets, Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 15(4): 366-389.

Anwar, S. T. (2017). Zara vs. Uniqlo: Leadership Strategies in the Competitive Textile and Apparel Industry, Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 36:(5): 26-35.

Anwar, S. T. (2016). Corporate Inversions and Mergers: The Case of Pfizer, Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 36(1): 56-69.

Anwar, S. T. (2016). Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V. (2015): From an Alliance to a Cross-Border Merger, in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (9th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson: PC3-31-PC3-36.

Anwar, S. T. (2015). Communicating with Shareholders in the Post-Financial Crisis Period: A Global Perspective, International Journal of Commerce and Management, 25(4): 582-602.

Anwar, S. T. (2015). Company Slogans, Morphological Issues, and Corporate Communications, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 20(3): 360-374.

Anwar, S. T. (2015). Super-Connectors: A New Model of Internationalization from the MENA Region, Thunderbird International Business Review, 57(2): 163-180.

Anwar, S. T. (2014). Product Recalls and Product-Harm Crises: A Case of the Changing Toy Industry, Competitiveness Review, 24(3): 190-210.

Anwar, S. T. (2013). ‘Icarus Paradox’ or ‘Verto in Prosperum’: Chinese Internet Firms, Business Models and Internationalization, The Journal of World Investment & Trade, 14(3): 532-555.

Buchanan, F. R., S. T. Anwar and T. X. Tran. (2013). Spotlight on an Emerging Market: Assessing the Footwear and Apparel Industries in Vietnam, Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 32(2): 38-51.

Anwar, S. T. (2013). Evaluating the Chrysler-Fiat Auto Alliance in 2012, in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (8th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall : PC3-33-PC3-40.

Anwar, S. T. (2012). Selling Time: Swatch Group and the Global Watch Industry, Thunderbird International Business Review, 54(5): 747-762.

Anwar, S. T. (2012). FDI Regimes, Investment Screening Process and Institutional Frameworks: China Versus Others in Global Business, Journal of World Trade, 46(2): 213-248.

Anwar, S. T. (2011). Internationalization, Investment Opportunities, Expansion Strategies, and the Changing Telecom Industry in the MENA Region, The Journal of World Investment & Trade, 12(6): 891-917.

Anwar, S. T. (2011). Franchising: Category Issues, Changing Dynamics and Competitiveness, International Journal of Commerce and Management, 21(3): 241-255.

Anwar, S. T. and S. M. Tariq (2011). Evolution of Entrepreneurship and Organizational Configurations at Zildjian, 1623-2010, Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 9(3): 175-194.

Anwar, S. T. (2010). CFIUS, Chinese MNCs' Outward FDI, and Globalization of Business, Journal of World Trade, 44(2): 419-466.

Anwar, S. T. (2010). The 2009 Chrysler-Fiat Strategic Alliance, in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (7th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall: 288-297.

Buchanan, R. and S. T. Anwar. (2009). Resource Nationalism and the Changing Business Model for Global Oil, The Journal of World Investment & Trade, 10(2): 241-253.

Anwar, S. T. (2008). Creating a National Champion or a Global Pharmaceutical Company: A Tale of French Connection, Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 23(8): 586-596.

Anwar, S. T. (2007). DaimlerChrysler AG: A Decade of Global Strategic Challenges Leads to Divorce in 2007, in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (6th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall: 323-337.

Anwar, S. T. (2007). Global Business and Globalization, Journal of International Management, 13(1): 78-89.

Anwar, S. T. (2005). EU's Competition Policy and the GE-Honeywell Merger Fiasco: Transatlantic Divergence and Consumer and Regulatory Issues, Thunderbird International Business Review, 47(5): 601-626.

Anwar, S. T. (2005). DaimlerChrysler AG in 2004: A Global Strategy Gone Sour, in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (5th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall: 330-342.

Anwar, S. T. (2005). Asea Brown Boveri (ABB), Sweden: What Went Wrong? in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (5th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall: 304-307.

Anwar, S. T. (2005). Avon in Global Markets: Managing and Developing a Diverse Workforce, in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (5th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall: 401-405.

Anwar, S. T. (2004). Wal-Mart in Mexico, in Rugman, A. (ed.), North American Economic and Financial Integration: Research in Global Strategic Management, Volume 10, Oxford, UK: Elsevier: 97-113.

Anwar, S. T. (2003). Vodafone and the Wireless Industry: A Case in Market Expansion and Global Strategy, Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 18(3): 270-288.

Anwar, S. T. (2002). DaimlerChrysler, AG: The Making of a New Transnational Corp., in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (4th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall: 340-356.

Anwar, S. T. (2002). Softbank Corp.: Internet and Web-Related Acquisitions, Market Expansion and Global Strategies in 2001/02, in Deresky, H., Global Management: Strategic and Interpersonal, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall: 336-351.

Anwar, S. T. (2002). NTT DoCoMo and M-Commerce: A Case Study in Market Expansion and Global Strategy, Thunderbird International Business Review, 44(1): 139-164.

Anwar, S. T. (2001). Softbank Corp.: Internet and Technology-Related Acquisitions and Global Strategy, in Cullen, J. B., Multinational Management: A Strategic Approach, (2nd edition), Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western College Publishing/Thomson Learning: 413-423.

Anwar, S. T. (1999). The Trillion-Dollar Enterprise: An Interview with Booz.Allen & Hamilton’s Vice Chairman, Cyrus Freidheim, Thunderbird International Business Review, 41(6): 627-638.

Anwar, S. T. (1997). Trends in International Business Thought and Literature: Reviewing East Asia's Miracle, its Economic Dynamism, and Future Issues, The International Executive, 39(1): 83-109 (ANBAR Citation of Excellence & Outstanding Contribution).

Anwar, S. T. (1996). The Impact of NAFTA on Canada's Automobile Industry: Issues and Analysis, World Competition, 19(3): 115-136.

Taku, M., S. T. Anwar & F. Hadaway. (1994). Social Exchange Processes for Industrial Sales Effectiveness in Sub-Saharan African Markets, Journal of Personnel Selling & Sales Management, 14(2): 81 (abstract).

Anwar, S. T. & M. Taku. (1993). Productivity and Efficiency in the Japanese Distribution System: A Review and Developments, Journal of World Trade, 27(5): 83-110.

Anwar, S. T. (1993). How NAFTA Provisions will Affect Marketers, Marketing News, (May 24): 14&18.

Anwar, S. T. (1992). Free Trade Areas: A Case Study of the U.S.-Mexico Free Trade Agreement, International Third World Studies Journal & Review, 4(1): 1-11.

Anwar, S. T. (1992). The Impact of the Structural Impediments Initiative (SII) on U.S.-Japan Trade: Issues and Progress, World Competition, 16(2): 53-65.

Anwar, S. T. (1991). International Countertrade: Strategic Opportunities and Limitations, Pakistan Management Review, 32(3/4): 69-82.

Anwar, S. T. (1990). Managing the International Debt Crisis: Issues and Prospects, International Third World Studies Journal & Review, 2(1): 133-141.

Popp, G. and S. T. Anwar. (1989). From Perestroika to Ethnic Nationalism, International Perspectives, 18 (March/April): 21-23.

Popp, G. and S. T. Anwar. (1989). China's Pragmatic Modernization, Contemporary Review, 254 (January): 19-24.

Anwar, S. T. & Stahlecker, W. D. (1989). Japan's Foreign Aid and the Third World: A Strategic Scenario, International Third World Studies Journal & Review, 1(1): 51-54.

Other Published Articles: Amarillo Globe News, El Bilingue, International Third World Studies Journal & Review, Marketing News, and Marketing Review.

Review Articles

Anwar, S. T. (2009). Review of "Billions of Entrepreneurs: How China and India are Reshaping their Futures and Others", (T. Khanna, HBS Press, 2008, pp. 353), Chinese Management Studies, 3(1): 75-77.

Anwar, S. T. (2007). Review of "The Psychology Behind Trademark Infringement and Counterfeiting", (J.L. Zaichkowsky, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006, pp. 305), Journal of Marketing, 71(2): 1-4; (available online).

Anwar, S. T. (2000). "Internationalizing Business Education: Changing Perspectives and Growing Opportunities," Thunderbird International Business Review, 44(5): 681-684.

Anwar, S. T. (1998). “Civilizations Versus Civilizations in a New Multipolar World,” Journal of Marketing, 62(2): 125-128.

Anwar, S. (1998). Review of “Cooperative Strategies" (1997), Beamish, P. W., & Killing, J. P. (eds.), volumes I-III, Lanham: Maryland, Thunderbird International Business Review, 40(1): 87-90.

Anwar, S. T. (1997). “Economic Freedom Index,” Journal of International Business Studies, 28(4): 872-878.

Anwar, S. T. (1996). “Overseas Chinese Business Networks,” Journal of International Business Studies, 27(4): 811-815.

Other review articles published: Asia Pacific Business Review; Journal of Asian Business; Middle East Business Review.

Short Textbook Notes & Cases

Anwar, S. T. (2016). HSBC in 2015: Complex Global Operations and Downsizing, in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (9th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson: 278-280.

Anwar, S. T. (2016). Changing Organizational Structures of Emerging-Market Companies, in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (6th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson: 266 (reprinted).

Anwar, S. T. (2013). HSBC’s Global Reorganization and Corporate Performance in 2012 , in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (8th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall : 264-265.

Anwar, S. T. (2013).

The Nokia-Microsoft Alliance in the Global Smartphone Industry (circa 2011),

in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (8th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Halll: 239-240.

Anwar, S. T. (2013).

Search Engines in Global Business,

in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (8th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall: 212-213.

Anwar, S. T. (2013). Kraft’s Post-Merger Integration and Reorganization

in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (8th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall: 242.

Anwar, S. T. (2010). BP’s Troubled Joint Venture in Russia, in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (7th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall: 151.

Anwar, S. T. (2010). Cultural Misunderstanding - The Danone-Wahaha Joint Venture in

China,

in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (7th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall: 157-158.

Anwar, S. T. (2007). Opening Profile: Changing Organizational Structures of Emerging-Market Companies, in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (6th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall: 264-265.

Anwar, S. T. (2007). Note on the Global Auto Industry in 2007, in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (6th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall: 310-311.

Anwar, S. T. (2005). Opening Profile: The Collapse of Parmalat - Italy's 'Enron', in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (5th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall: 29-31.

Anwar, S. T. (2005). Sir Richard Branson's Planes, Trains, Resorts, and Colas in 2004, in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (5th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall: 433-435.

Anwar, S. T. (2005). Vodafone UK in 2004-2005: Changing Competition and Global Strategies, in Deresky, H., International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, (5th edition), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall: 250-252..

Textbook Manuals

Anwar, S. T. (2006). Teaching Manual - Global Marketing Management (M. Kotabe and K. Helsen), 4th edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (major revision).

Anwar, S. T. (2003). Teaching Manual - Global Marketing Management (M. Kotabe and K. Helsen), 3rd edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (major revision).

Anwar, S. T. (2001). Teaching Manual - Global Marketing Management (M. Kotabe and K. Helsen), 2nd edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (major revision).

Web/Meta Index Anwar, S. T. “Marketing & International Business Links” (Mkt/IB Meta Index, (3,500+ Useful Links), Copyright © 1997-2024 by Syed Tariq Anwar, Launched in 1997.
Web/Meta Index Statistics: For current ranking (using the search term "International Marketing Links"), see Google Search.
***Introductory Video (YouTube, 4:00 min)***

Invited/Non-Refereed Articles

* We have Little Time Left to Save Arctic Ice Shelf, Amarillo Global News, April 13, 2008, p. 7C.
* U.S. Soccer Gaining on Europe, South America, Amarillo Globe News, July 6, 2006, p. 9A.
* Ethics, Responsibility are Everyone's Business, Amarillo Globe News, April 2, 2005, p. 11A.
* Outsourcing is Inroad to Free Market Trade, Amarillo Globe News, February 29, 2004, p. 11A.
* Trust, Cooperation Key to Iraq Transition, Amarillo Globe News, April 23, 2003, p. 4.
* Can We Solve the Current Iraqi Crisis? More Than Brick & Mortar, West Texas A&M University, April 23, 2003.
* Internet, E-Business will Continue Boom, Offer Chances, Amarillo Globe News, August 2, 2000, p. 12.
* Internet will Greatly Enhance Education, Amarillo Globe News, July 15, 1998, p. 5.
* Immigrants Enrich Nation's Society, Culture, Amarillo Globe Times, April 13, 1996, p. 15A.
* Emerging Markets Bring Opportunity to Panhandle, Amarillo Daily News, January 17, 1996, p. 5A.
* Clinton was Right to Support Stability in Mexico, Amarillo Globe News, February 15, 1995, p. 5A.
* GATT’s Breakthrough Crucial to Expanding Trade, Amarillo Globe News, December 12, 1993, p. 31A.
* New Markets Expand International Trade Outlook, Amarillo Globe News, October 27, 1993, p. 5A.
* International Week Foreshadows Economic Future, Amarillo Daily News, August 5, 1993, p. 5A.

Conference Proceedings & Abstracts

Anwar, S. T. 2024. Stellantis N.V.: Rebranding Strategies and Global Expansion, 2024 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, Galveston, Texas, April 11, 2024: 14.

Anwar, S. T. 2024. Emerging Markets and Financial Institutions: A Case of Pakistani Banks, 2024 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, Galveston, Texas, April 11, 2024: 15.

Anwar, S. T. 2023. Business Ecosystems: Marketing Relevance and Global Markets, 2023 American Marketing Association's Summer Academic Conference, San Francisco, California, August 4-6, 2023: 488-491.

Anwar, S. T. 2023. Lucid in the Shadow of Tesla: Niche Markets and Global Expansion, 2023 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, Houston, Texas, March 9, 2023: 11.

Anwar, S. T. 2023. Digital Platforms in Pakistan: Selected Cases and Firms, 2023 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, Houston, Texas, March 9, 2023: 12.

Anwar, S. T. 2022. General Data Protection Regulation: Marketing, Regulatory and Global Issues, 2022 American Marketing Association's Summer Academic Conference, Chicago, Illinois, August 12-14, 2022: 75-77.

Anwar, S. T. 2022. Global Desalination Industry and Water Shortages: A Case of Pakistan, 2022 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 3, 2022: 20.

Anwar, S. T. 2022. Amazon Air: Building a Cargo Airline for the U.S. and Global Markets, 2022 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 3, 2022: 19.

Anwar, S. T. 2021. What is in Daraz? Opportunities in Pakistan's E-Commerce Market, 2021 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, (Virtual/Online Conference), April 8, 2021: 11.

Anwar, S. T. 2020. Carbon Footprints and Global Business: Critical Issues and a Review, 2020 Academy of International Business Conference, (Virtual/Online Conference), July 1-9, 2020 (in press).

Anwar, S. T. 2020. Thyssenkrupp vs. Otis: Corporate Restructuring and Global Expansion in the Vertical Transportation Systems Industry, 2020 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, San Antonio, Texas, March 11-12, 2020: 13.

Anwar, S. T. 2020. Ecotourism in Pakistan: Sustainability, Marketing and Global Strategies, 2020 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, San Antonio, Texas, March 11-12, 2020: 12.

Anwar, S. T. 2019. Consumer Complexity and Plant-Based Technologies in Global Business: Sustainability and Research Issues, 2019 Academy of International Business Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 24-27, 2019: 12.

Anwar, S. T. 2019. Starbucks’ Italian Princi and Reserve Roastries: Branding Issues and Global Strategies, 2019 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, Houston, Texas, March 13-14, 2019: 21.

Anwar, S. T. 2018. Sovereign Wealth Funds: Instruments of Viable Prosperity or Just Seeking Grand Strategies in International Business! 2018 Academy of International Business Conference, Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 25-28, 2018 (in press).

Anwar, S. T. 2018. Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCGs) and Emerging Markets: Consumer Convergence, MNCs, and Globalization, 2018 Academy of Marketing Science Annual Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 23-25, 2018: 263-264.

Anwar, S. T. 2018. Internet of Things (IoTs) and Marketing: Conceptual Issues, Applications and a Survey, 2018 Academy of Marketing Science Annual Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 23-25, 2018: 323.

Anwar, S. T. 2018. Pakistan Super League (PSL): Marketing and Growth Strategies in T20 Cricket, 2018 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, March 8, 2018: 14.

Anwar, S. T. 2018. Managing Complex Global Projects and Technology Marvels: From Hubble to James Webb, 2018 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, March 8, 2018: 16.

Anwar, S. T. 2017. Sanctions: Reviewing Multidisciplinary Literature and Multifaceted Issues in International Business, 2017 Academy of International Business Conference, Dubai, UAE, July 2-5, 2017: 227.

Anwar, S. T. 2017. Uber and the Sharing Economy: Changing Strategies and Global Markets, 2017 Academy of Marketing Science Annual Conference, Coronado, California, May 24-26, 2017: 191.

Anwar, S. T. 2017. Privatization Gone Sour! PIA’s Global Strategy in the Airline Industry, 2017 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, Little Rock, Arkansas, March 8-9, 2017: 16.

Anwar, S. T. 2016. The Sharing Economy and Marketing: A Review and Future Research, 2016 Academy of Marketing Science Annual Conference, Orlando, Florida, May 18-21, 2016: 525.

Anwar, S. T. 2016. Slogans in Higher Education: A Longitudinal Study, 2016 Academy of Marketing Science Annual Conference, Orlando, Florida, May 18-21, 2016: 115.

Anwar, S. T. 2016. Mærsk’s Big Box Boats and Global Strategy in the World Shipping Industry, 2016 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, March 9-10, 2016: 38.

Anwar, S. T. 2016. Corporate Inversions and MNCs’ Mergers: A Case of Pfizer, 2016 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, March 9-10, 2016: 32.

Anwar, S. T. 2015. The Informal Economy and Marketing Literature: Reviewing Multidisciplinary Literature and Advancing Future Research, 2015 Academy of Marketing Science Annual Conference, Denver, Colorado, May 12-14, 2015: 303-304.

Anwar, S. T. 2015. An Iconic Brand or a Nostalgic Product! Reviving the Delorean Brand in the Global Sports Car Industry, 2015 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, Houston,, Texas, March 11-12, 2015: 25. 2015 McGraw-Hill Education Distinguished Paper Award.

Anwar, S. T. 2015. Coming to America: A Successful Japanese Acquisition in the Telecom Industry, 2015 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, Houston,, Texas, March 11-12, 2015: 27.

Anwar, S. T. 2014. Bottom of the Pyramid, Marketing and Global Markets: Multidisciplinary Discourses and Emerging Literature, 2014 Academy of Marketing Science Annual Conference, Indianapolis, Indiana, May 21-23, 2014: 398.

Anwar, S. T. 2014. Zara vs. Uniqlo: Two Indefatigable Competitors in the Global Apparel Industry, 2014 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, Dallas, Texas, March 12-13, 2014, (2014 McGraw-Hill Education Distinguished Paper Award; in press).

Anwar, S. T. 2013. Kraft’s Acquisition of Cadbury (circa 2009): An Amicable Transatlantic Merger or a Hostile Takeover? 2013 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, March 13-14, 2013.

Anwar, S. T. 2012. Social Movements, Consumers and Globalization, 43rd Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute, San Francisco, California, November 17-20, 2012: 71601-71610.

Anwar, S. T. 2012. Emerging Markets, HSBC, Retrenchment and Global Strategy, 2012 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, February 29-March 1, 2012: 26.

Anwar, S. T. 2011. Acquisitions, Divestments and Managing the Process of Internationalization, 42nd Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute, Boston, Masachusetts, November 19-22, 2011: 4551-4556.

Anwar, S. T. 2011. Consumer Boycotts in International Marketing: A Multidisciplinary Assessment and Review, 2011 Academy of Marketing Science Annual Conference, Coral Gables, Florida , May 25-28, 2011: 339.

Anwar, S. T. 2011. Farmers’ Markets and Sustainability Issues: A Review, Assessment and Research Agenda, 2011 Academy of Marketing Science Annual Conference, Coral Gables, Florida , May 25-28, 2011: 265.

Anwar, S. T. 2011. Alibaba, B2B/B2C Markets and Global Strategy, 2011 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, Houston, Texas, March 9-10, 2011: 23.

Anwar, S. T. 2011. Geographical Indications and Global Marketing: A Review, Assessment and Research Agenda, 2011 AMA Winter Marketing Educators' Conference, Austin, Texas, February 18-20, 2011: 35-36.

Anwar, S. T. 2010. Internationalization Patterns, Growth Opportunities, and Expansion Strategies: A Case of the Telecom Industry in the MENA Region, 2010 Academy of International Business-MENA Conference, Dubai, UAE, December 10-12, 2010: 28.

Anwar, S. T. 2010. Requiem for NUMMI (1983-2010): Reviewing a Joint Venture, Absorptive Capacity and Literature, 41st Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute, San Diego, California, November 20-23, 2010: 4641-4646.

Anwar, S. T. 2010. Rogue Traders, Unethical Behavior and the Opacity-Asperity Phenomenon: A Longitudinal Study in Ethics and Global Business, 41st Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute, San Diego, California, November 20-23, 2010: 4621-4626.

Anwar, S. T. 2010. CPSC, Product-Harm Crisis, and Product Recalls: An Exploratory Study, 2010 Academy of Marketing Science Annual Conference, Portland, Oregon, May 26-29, 2010: 320.

Anwar, S. T. 2010. The Alcatel-Lucent Merger and the Changing Global Telecommunications Industry, 2010 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, Dallas, Texas, March 3-4, 2010: 33.

Anwar, S. T. 2009. Liability of Foreignness, Failure, and Exit in International Retailing, 51st Annual Meeting of the Academy of International Business, San Diego, California, June 27-30, 2009: 30.

Anwar, S. T. 2009. Macquarie and the Global Infrastructure Industry, 2009 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, February 25-26, 2009: 27.

Anwar, S. T. 2008. CFIUS, Chinese MNCs and Globalization of FDI, Globalization of Chinese Enterprises Conference, Harvard Kennedy School,, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, October 8-10, 2008: 19.

Anwar, S. T. 2008. Organizational Configurations, Entrepreneurial Vigor and Global Expansion: A Case of Two Emerging Market-Companies, 50th Annual Meeting of the Academy of International Business, Milan, Italy, June 30-July 3, 2008: 134.

Anwar, S. T. 2008. Slogans and Global Companies: An Exploratory Study, 2008 Association of Collegiate Marketing Educators Conference, Houston, Texas, March 6-7, 2008: 269.

Anwar, S. T. 2008. Swatch Group and the Global Watch Industry, 2008 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, Houston, Texas, March 5-6, 2008: 28.

Anwar, S. T. 2007. Organizational Configurations Corporate Transformations and Internationalization, 38th Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, November 17-20, 2007: 3901-3906.

Anwar, S. T. and L. Almas. 2007. Fair Trade Coffee, Global Value Chains, and Ethical Marketing, The 13th Biennial Academy of Marketing Science World Marketing Congress, Verona, Italy, July 11-14, 2007: 57.

Anwar, S. T. and S. M. Tariq. 2007. Internationalization, Organizational Configurations, Strategic Inertia, and Evolution of Entrepreneurship at Zildjian (1623-2006), 49th Annual Meeting of the Academy of International Business, Indianapolis, Indiana, June 25-28, 2007: 104.

Anwar, S. T. 2007. The "Big Mac Index" in International Marketing: A Longitudinal Study, 2007 Association of Collegiate Marketing Educators Conference, San Diego, California, March 15-16, 2007: 12.

Anwar, S. T. 2007. Amgen and the Changing Global Biotech Industry, 2007 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, San Diego, California, March 14-15, 2007: 16.

Anwar, S. T. 2006. Growing the International Firm and Global Expansion: Cemex Versus Lafarge, 37th Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute, San Antonio, Texas, November 18-21, 2006: 1-6.

Anwar, S. T. 2006. Open Skies Treaty, Competition Policy and Regulatory Issues: An Exploratory Analysis in Marketing and Public Policy, 2006 Academy of Marketing Science Annual Conference, San Antonio, Texas, May 25-27, 2006: 216.

Anwar, S. T. 2006. Cemex in Global Markets, 2006 Southwest Case Research Association Conference Proceedings, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, March 1-3, 2006: 26.

Anwar, S. T. 2006. Category Issues and Market Dynamics in International Franchising: An Exploratory Content Analysis, 2006 Association of Collegiate Marketing Educators Conference, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, March 1-3, 2006: 12-13.

Anwar, S. T. 2005. Corporate Groups of Asia and Latin America: Changing Organizational Structures and Global Strategies, 47th Annual Meeting of the Academy of International Business, Quebec City, Canada, July 9-12, 2005: 107.

Anwar, S. T. and L. Almas. 2005. Prescription Drugs in the Global Pharmaceutical Industry: A Branding Study, The 12th Biennial Academy of Marketing Science World Marketing Congress, Muenster, Germany, July 6-9, 2005: 448.

Anwar, S. T. and J. Chacko. 2005. Consumer, Regulatory, and Competition Policy Issues in the Global Airline Industry: An Exploratory Analysis in Alliances and Mergers, 2005 Academy of Marketing Science Annual Conference, Tampa, Florida, May 25-28, 2005.

Anwar, S. T. 2005. Sanofi-Aventis Versus Novartis: Creating a National Champion or a Global Pharmaceutical Company, 2005 Southwest Case Research Association Conference Proceedings, Dallas, Texas, March 3-4, 2005: 32.

Anwar, S. T. 2004. Global Strategy Gone Astray: A Case of Asea Brown Boveri (ABB), 46th Annual Meeting of the Academy of International Business, Stockholm, Sweden, July 10-13, 2004: 46.

Anwar, S. T. and L. Almas. 2004. Retail Internationalization and Corporate Performance: An Exploratory Study, 2004 Academy of Marketing Science Annual Conference, Vancouver, Canada, May 26-29, 2004: 50.

Anwar, S. T. 2004. EU's Competition Policy and the GE-Honeywell Merger Fiasco: Consumer, Regulatory and Marketing Perspectives, 2004 AMA Winter Marketing Educators Conference, Scottsdale, Arizona, February 6-9, 2004: 246.

Anwar, S. T. 2003. Wal-Mart vs. Carrefour: Retail Internationalization and Changing Global Strategies, 45th Annual Meeting of the Academy of International Business, Monterey, California, July 5-8: 116.

Anwar, S. T. 2003. Wal-Mart in Europe: A Case in Market Entry, Retail Internationalization and Global Strategy, 2003 Southwest Case Research Association Conference Proceedings, Houston, Texas, March 5-7: 31.

Anwar, S. T. 2003. Horizontal vs. Vertical Online Marketplaces: Research Issues and Analysis, in Tate, U. Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Meeting of the Association of Collegiate Marketing Educators, Houston, Texas, March 5-7: 115.

Bandyopadhyay, S. & S. T. Anwar. 2002, Consumer Ethnocentrism and its Effects in Two Emerging South Asian Markets, Journal of Global Competitiveness, Vol. 10, No. 1: 476-487 (2002 American Society for Competitiveness Conference, Alexandria, Virginia, October 9-11).

Anwar, S. T. 2002. Vodafone vs. NTT DoCoMo: Internationalization Issues and Global Strategies, 2002 Academy of International Business Annual Conference, San Juan, Puerto Rico, June 28-July 1.

Anwar, S. T. 2002. Vodafone and the Wireless Industry: A Case Study in Market Expansion and Global Strategy, 2002 Southwest Case Research Association Conference Proceedings, St. Louis, Missouri, March 6-8: 13.

Anwar, S. T. 2001. Online Models in Global E-Commerce: Research Issues and Propositions, 2001 Academy of International Business Annual Conference, Sydney, Australia, November 16-19: 45.

Anwar, S. T. 2001. NTT DoCoMo and M-Commerce: A Case Study in Market Expansion and Global Strategy, 2001 Southwest Case Research Association Conference Proceedings, New Orleans Louisiana, February 28-March 2, 2001: 20 (nominated for the best case award).

Anwar, S. T. 2001. Changing Online Business and E-Commerce Models: A Review and Extension, in Thomas, J. Proceedings of the 2001 Annual Meeting of the Association of Collegiate Marketing Educators (formerly Southwest Marketing Association), New Orleans, Louisiana, February 28-March 2, 2001: 45-46.

Anwar, S. T. 2000. DaimlerChrysler AG.: The Making of a New Transnational Corporation, 2000 Academy of International Business Annual Conference, Phoenix, Arizona, November 17-20: 104.

Anwar, S. T., R. Alex & F. Landram. 2000. The Impact of the East Asian Crisis on Asia’s General and Specialized Trading Companies: An Exploratory Study, 2000 Academy of International Business Annual Conference, Phoenix, Arizona, November 17-20: 59.

Anwar, S. T. 2000. Softbank Corp.: Internet and Technology-Related Acquisitions and Global Strategy, 2000 Southwest Case Research Association Conference Proceedings, San Antonio, Texas, March 16-17 (abstract): 13.

Bandyopadhyay, S & S. T. Anwar. 2000. Product Country-of-Origin Perceptions of Consumers in Pakistan, in Capozzoli, Tudor & McKee, Advances in Marketing, Southwestern Marketing Association, San Antonio, Texas, March 16-17, 8-14.

Anwar, S. T. & R. Alex. 1999. “Market Behavior and Performance Patterns of Asia's General and Specialized Trading Companies: A Comparative Study,” 1999 Academy of International Business Annual Conference, Charleston, South Carolina, November 20-23: 18.

Anwar, S. T. 1999. "Listing of SAP on the NYSE: A Case Study in Market Expansion and Global Strategy," 1999 Southwest Case Research Association Conference Proceedings, Vol. 8, Houston, Texas, March 12, 1999 (abstract).

Anwar, S. T. 1998. Eastman Kodak vs. Fuji Photo Film: A Case Study in International Marketing and Japanese Distribution System, in Jennings, D. F., (ed.), 1998 Southwest Case Research Association Conference Proceedings, Vol. 7, Dallas, Texas, March 4 (abstract): 35.

Anwar, S. T. & F. Landram. 1997. Mission Statement, Vision, Corporate Philosophy, and Multinational Corporations: A Comparative Study of Fortune Global 500 Companies," in Academy of International Business Annual Conference 1997 Proceedings & Abstracts, Monterrey, Mexico, Oct. 10-12 (abstract): 42.

Landram, F & S. T. Anwar. 1997. Emerging Market Companies with Changing Corporate and Financial Performance Criteria, in Academy of International Business Annual Conference 1997 Proceedings & Abstracts, Monterrey, Mexico, Oct.10-12 (abstract): 29.

Anwar, S. T. & F. Landram. 1996. Current Determinants of Japanese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Empirical Evidence, Issues, and Future Developments, in Academy of International Business Annual Conference 1996 Proceedings & Abstracts, Banff, Canada, Sept. 26-29 (abstract): 74.

Taku, M., S. T. Anwar & C. Rao. 1996. Local Representation and Success in Bidding on Overseas Contracts, in Academy of International Business Annual Conference 1996 Proceedings & Abstracts, Banff, Canada, Sept. 26-29 (abstract): 120.

Anwar, S. T. & J. Gaspar. 1995. Japanese Keiretsu Versus Korean Chaebols: Institutional Characteristics and Organizational Dynamics, in Academy of International Business - Annual Conference 1995 Proceedings & Abstracts, Seoul, South Korea, Nov. 15-18 (abstract): 129.

Taku, M., S. T. Anwar & F. Hadaway. 1994. Social Exchange Processes for Industrial Sales Effectiveness in Sub-Saharan African Markets in Ridnour, R. (ed). 1994 National Conference in Sales Management, St. Louis, MO: 24.

Taku, M. & S. T. Anwar. 1992. Organizational Commitment and Export Intensity, in Southwest Business Symposium Proceedings - 9th Annual Meeting, Edmond, OK: University of Central Oklahoma: 1-8.

Amin, S. T., S. Anwar & A. Tootoonchi. 1991. Sales Force Turnover: Review of Literature and Recommendations," in Zigli, R. & S. Steinriede. (eds). The Institute of Management Sciences Southeastern Chapter Proceedings, October 3-4, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina: 44-47.

Anwar, S. T., S. Amin & M. Taku. 1991. Marketing Strategies for 1992: European Markets & Marketing Systems, in Thompson, D. (ed). Marketing at the Cross Roads: Theory and Practice Proceedings of the 1991 Atlantic Marketing Association, Savannah, Georgia: 170i-175.

Anwar, S. T. 1991. Strategic Alliances and Small Business Firms: Issues, Synergies and Limitations, in Bensch, D. & J. Mugler (eds). Proceedings of the 36th ICSB World Conference, Vol. 2, Vienna, Austria: University of Economics, Vienna: 13-20.

Anwar, S. T., M. Taku & G. Popp. 1991. European Monetary Union (EMU): Issues and Future Prospects, in Price, D. (ed)., Proceedings of the Southwestern Society of Economists, Houston, Texas: 53-59.

Anwar, S. T. 1991. The EC's 1992 and Beyond: Economic Gains and Implications, in Thanopoulos, J. (ed). Southwest Review of International Business Research, Dallas, Texas: 182-189.

Anwar, S. T. & W. Stahlecker. 1990. Entrepreneurial Life Cycle (ELC): Abilities, Characteristics and Anxieties, in Hills, G. et al. (eds). Research at the Marketing/Entrepreneurship Interface, Chicago: The University of Illinois-Chicago: pp. 83-95.

Conference Presentations

Anwar, S. T. Innovation Ecosystems and the Toyota Production System: A Holistic View and Global Applications. 2023 Decision Sciences Institute 54th Annual Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, , November 18-19, 2023.

Anwar, S. T. U.S.'s Antitrust Law vs. EU's Competition Policy: Tackling New Markets and and Digital Platforms, 2023 Academy of Marketing Science Annual Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 17-19, 2023.

Anwar, S. T. The Defend Trade Secret Act: Marketing and Regulatory Issues in Global Markets, 2023 American Marketing Association's Winter Academic Conference, Nashville, Tennessee, February 10-12, 2023 (poster paper).

Anwar, S. T. Digital Platforms in South Asia: Changing Markets and Competition, 2022 Decision Sciences Institute 53rd Annual Conference, Houston, Texas, November 19-21, 2022.

Anwar, S. T. Entrepreneurial Ecosystems in International Business: Evolutionary Growth and Expansion, 2022 Academy of International Business Conference, Miami, Florida, July 6-9, 2022.

Anwar, S. T. International Acquisitions, Synergistic Effect, and Global Strategies: Japan vs. China, 2022 Association of Japanese Business Studies Conference, (Virtual/Online Conference), July 5, 2022.

Anwar, S. T. Digital Platforms and E-Commerce in Emerging Markets: Evolutionary Issues and Competitive Environment, 2021 Academy of International Business Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Chapter Conference, Dubai, UAE, December 7-9, 2021.

Anwar, S. T. Developing Urban Air Mobility Vehicles for Global Markets, 2021 Decision Sciences Institute 52nd Annual Conference, (Virtual/Online Conference), November 17-20, 2021.

Anwar, S. T. The ABCD of International Business: Evolutionary Issues and Internationalization Strategies, 2021 Academy of International Business Conference, (Virtual/Online Conference), June 28, 2021.

Anwar, S. T. Japanese Firms, Evolutionary Growth, Internationalization Patterns, and Global Strategies, 2021 Association of Japanese Business Studies Conference, (Virtual/Online Conference), June 24, 2021.

Anwar, S. T. Supersonic Passenger Jets: Market Opportunities and Global Strategies in the Aviation Industry, 2019 Decision Sciences Institute 50th Annual Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 23-25, 2019.

Anwar, S. T. Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) and Emerging Markets: The Cases of Pakistan's Thar Coalfield and Reko Diq Mine, 2019 Southwest Case Research Association Conference, Houston, Texas, March 13-14, 2019.

Anwar, S. T. Japan Inc. vs. China Inc.: Evolutionary Issues and Global Grand Strategies, 2018 Association of Japanese Business Studies Conference, Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 24-25, 2018.

Anwar, S. T. The Belt and Road Initiative: Assessing Global Grand Strategies and a Survey, 12th Annual China Goes Global Conference, EMLyon Business School and East China Normal University, Shanghai, China, June 18-20, 2018.

Anwar, S. T. NUMMI: Reassessing the Joint Venture of GM and Toyota (1983-2010), 2016 Association of Japanese Business Studies Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, June 25-26, 2016.

Anwar, S. T. Herding, Crowd Behavior and Informational Cascades in Marketing: A Synthesis and Review of Multidisciplinary Investigations, 2015 AMA Winter Marketing Educators' Conference, San Antonio, Texas, February 13-15, 2015 (poster paper).

Anwar, S. T. Collaborative Consumption: Strategic Issues and Growth Opportunities, 2013 AMA Winter Marketing Educators' Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada, February 15-16, 2015 (poster paper).

Anwar, S. T. Nationalism, MNCs’ Acquisitions and Global Markets, 43rd Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute, San Francisco, California, November 17-20, 2012.

Anwar, S. T. ' Icarus Paradox' or 'Verto in Prosperum': Chinese Internet Firms, B-Models, and Internationalization, 6th Annual China Goes Global Conference, Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, October 8-10, 2012.

Anwar, S. T. Emerging Market-Companies, Familiarity with Global Markets, and Internationalization Patterns, 2011 Decision Sciences Institute 42nd Annual Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, November 19-22, 2011.

Anwar, S. T. FDI Regimes, Investment Screening Process and Institutional Frameworks: China Versus Others in Global Business, 4th Annual China Goes Global Conference, Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, October 6-8, 2010.

Tariq, S. M. and S. T. Anwar. Liability of Foreignness Versus Foreignness as an Asset: Taiko and Cultural Globalization, 2009 Association of Japanese Business Studies Conference, San Diego, California, June 25-26, 2009.

Anwar, S. T. and S. M. Tariq. Industry Evolution, Global Value Chains, Sony Corp., and the Changing Music Industry, 2008 Association of Japanese Business Studies Conference, Milan, Italy, June 29-30, 2008.

Anwar, S. T. Global Brands and Orthographic Issues Across Markets and Industries, 2006 Association of Collegiate Marketing Educators Conference, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, March 1-3, 2006.

Anwar, S. T. Orthographic and Branding Issues in the Global Pharmaceutical and Biotech Industries: An Exploratory Study, 2005 Association of Collegiate Marketing Educators Conference, Dallas, Texas, March 3-4, 2005.

Anwar, S. T. EU's Competition Policy, Transatlantic Divergence, and the GE-Honeywell Merger Fiasco, Oxford Round Table on US-EU Trade Relations, St Antony's College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, August 1-6, 2004 (invited paper).

Anwar, S. T. and L. Almas. General and Specialized Trading Companies of Japan: Market Behavior and Performance Patterns, 2003 Academy of Marketing Science Conference, Washington, D.C., May 28-31, 2003.

Anwar, S. T. Wal-Mart in Mexico: A Case in Retail Internationalization, Canada-United States Business Conference, Kelley School of Business, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, April 11-12, 2003 (invited paper).

Anwar, S. T. NTT DoCoMo and M-Commerce: Changing Markets and Global Strategies in 2002 and Beyond, 2002 Association for Japanese Business Studies Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, June 9, 2002 (invited paper).

Anwar, S. T. Changing Online Marketplaces and E-Exchanges: Research Issues and Propositions, 2002 Association of Collegiate Marketing Educators Conference (in conjunction with 2002 FBD), St. Louis, Missouri, March 6-8, 2002.

Anwar, S. T., F. Landram & R. Alex. An Exploratory Study of Brand Value, Company Market Value, and Related Variables: Issues and Analysis, 2000 Decision Science Institute Conference, Orlando, Florida, November 18-21, 2000.

Anwar, S. T. & R. Alex. Corruption and Global Business: Integrative Perspectives & Empirical Analysis, 1999 Southwestern Marketing Association Conference, Houston, Texas, March 10-12, 1999.

Anwar, S. T. Technology Alliances and Consortia Formation in the E.U. and the U.S., 1995 Academy of International Business - Western Region Conference, The American Graduate School of International Management (Thunderbird), Glendale, Arizona, May 26-27, 1995.

Anwar, S. T. & F. Landram. International Barter and Countertrade Practices: An Empirical Study, 1995 Academy of International Business - Western Region Conference, The American Graduate School of International Management (Thunderbird), Glendale, Arizona, May 26-27, 1995.

Anwar, S. T. & M. Taku. Consortia and Technology Alliances in the U.S. and Japan: A Comparative Study, 1995 Academy of International Business - Southwest Conference, Houston, March 1-3, 1995.

Anwar, S. T. Special Topics in International Trade and Finance: East Asia and the Pacific Rim, Texas A&M University-College Station/University of Texas-Austin's Symposium on Internationalizing Business Education, San Antonio, Texas, October 28, 1994 (invited paper).

Anwar, S. T. Research and Technology Consortia Formation in the European Community, Texas A&M University's Symposium on the European Community and Global Change, College Station, April 8-9, 1993 (invited paper).

Anwar, S. T. A Taxonomy of Keiretsu and Chaebols: A Comparative Study, 1993 Academy of International Business - Southwest Conference, New Orleans, March 3-6, 1993.

Anwar, S. T. The Impact of the Structural Impediments Initiative (SII) on U.S.-Japan Trade: Issues and Progress, 1992 Academy of International Business - Southwest Conference, San Antonio, March 4-7, 1992.

Taku, M., G. Popp & S. T. Anwar. Machiavellian Orientation of Prospective American, Malaysian, Thai and Taiwanese Managers: A Cross Cultural Analysis and Implications, 1991 Academy of Marketing Science Conference, Miami, May 29-June 1, 1991.

Popp, G., S. T. Anwar & M. Taku, Ethical Standards in Southeast Asia: Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore, 1990 National Academy of Management Meeting, San Francisco, California, August 12-15, 1990.

Anwar, S. T., G. Popp & W. Stahlecker, The U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA): Synergies and Implications, 1989 Academy of International Business Annual Conference, Singapore, November 19-22, 1989.

Anwar, S. T. The Uruguay Round: Mid-Term Agreements and Implications, The Association for Global Business 1989 Conference, New Orleans, November 9-11, 1989.

Anwar, S. T. Managing the International Debt Crisis: Issues and Prospects, 12th National Third World Studies Conference, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, October 5-7, 1989.

Anwar, S. T., G. Popp & W. Stahlecker, A Comparative Study of the Work Reward Preferences in South East Asia: Malaysians and Singaporeans, 2nd Annual International Symposium on Pacific- Asian Business, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, January 10-12, 1989.

Anwar, S. T. Japan's Foreign Aid and the Third World: A Strategic Scenario, 11th National Third World Studies Conference, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, October 21-23, 1988.

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